Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths in Australia and other developed countries. Over 300，000 Australians have heart failure with 400 new cases being added each week. Most commonly， it can be due to an enlargement in cardiomyocyte size in response to chronic increased pressure overload， a process called left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). It is an adaptive response to chronic increase workload or to defects in the efficiency of the contractile machinery. However， in the long term it contributes to the development of heart failure and sudden death. Despite advances in our management for these disorders， they remain key factors for the development of premature death and disability. Factors regulating contractility， including neurohumoural activation via catecholamines and cardiomyocyte 冄- and 円-adrenergic receptors (ARs)， can initiate pathological hypertrophy and influence cardiac remodelling.